Piezo material specification

Last Updated on March 23, 2023 by You Ling

What’s Piezo material Specification?

Piezo materials (PMs) can be broadly classified as either crystalline, ceramic, or polymeric. The most commonly produced piezoelectric ceramics are lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate, and lead titanate. Gallium nitride and zinc oxide can also be regarded as ceramic due to their relatively wide band gaps. Semiconducting PMs offer features such as compatibility with integrated circuits and semiconductor devices. Inorganic ceramic PMs offer advantages over single crystals, including ease of fabrication into a variety of shapes and sizes not constrained crystallographic directions. Organic polymer PMs, such as PVDF, have low Young’s modulus compared to inorganic PMs. Piezoelectric polymers (PVDF, 240 mV-m/N) possess higher piezoelectric stress constants (g₃₃), an important parameter in sensors, than ceramics (PZT, 11 mV-m/N), which show that they can be better sensors than ceramics. Moreover, piezoelectric polymeric sensors and actuators, due to their processing flexibility, can be readily manufactured into large areas, and cut into a variety of shapes. In addition, polymers also exhibit high strength, high impact resistance, low dielectric constant, low elastic stiffness, and low density, thereby a high voltage sensitivity which is a desirable characteristic along with low acoustic and mechanical impedance useful for medical and underwater applications.

Among PMs, PZT ceramics are popular as they have a high sensitivity, a high g₃₃ value. They are however brittle. Furthermore, they show low Curie temperature, leading to constraints in terms of applications in harsh environmental conditions. However, promising is the integration of ceramic disks into industrial appliances molded from plastic. This resulted in the development of PZT-polymer composites, and the feasible integration of functional PM composites on large scale, by simple thermal welding or by conforming processes. Several approaches towards lead-free ceramic PM have been reported, such as piezoelectric single crystals (langasite), and ferroelectric ceramics with a perovskite structure and bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSF), which have been extensively researched. Also, several ferroelectrics with perovskite-structure (BaTiO₃ [BT], (Bi_1/2Na_1/2) TiO₃ [BNT], (Bi_1/2K_1/2) TiO₃ [BKT], KNbO₃ [KN], (K, Na) NbO₃ [KNN]) have been investigated for their piezoelectric properties.

Key piezoelectric properties

• The piezoelectric coefficients (d₃₃, d₃₁, d₁₅) measure the strain induced by an applied voltage (expressed as meters per volt). High d_ij coefficients indicate larger displacements which are needed for motoring transducer devices. The coefficient d₃₃ measures deformation in the same direction (polarization axis) as the induced potential, whereas d₃₁ describes the response when the force is applied perpendicular to the polarization axis. The d₁₅ coefficient measures the response when the applied mechanical stress is due to shear deformation.
• Relative permittivity(ε_r) is the ratio between the absolute permittivity of the piezoelectric material, ε, and the vacuum permittivity, ε_0.
• The electromechanical coupling factor is an indicator of the effectiveness with which a piezoelectric material converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, or converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The first subscript to k denotes the direction along which the electrodes are applied; the second denotes the direction along which the mechanical energy is applied, or developed.
• The mechanical quality factor Qm is an important high-power property of piezoelectric ceramics. It is the inverse of the mechanical loss tan ϕ.

Single crystals
Reference	Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate)	Orientation	Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)	Relative permittiviy, εr	Electromechanical coupling factor, k	Quality factor
Hutson 1963[2]	AlN		d15 = -4.07	ε33 = 11.4
Hutson 1963[2]	AlN		d31 = -2
Hutson 1963[2]	AlN		d33 = 5
Cook et al. 1963[3]	BaTiO3		d15 = 392	ε11 = 2920	k15 = 0.57
Cook et al. 1963[3]	BaTiO3		d31 = -34.5	ε33 = 168	k31 = 0.315
Cook et al. 1963[3]	BaTiO3		d33 = 85.6		k33 = 0.56
Zgonik et al. 1994[12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[001] (single domain)	d33 = 90
Zgonik et al. 1994[12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] (single domain)	d33 = 224
Zgonik et al. 1994[12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 100 ľm)	d33 = 235	ε33 = 1984	k33 = 54.4
Zgonik et al. 1994[12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 60 ľm)	d33 = 241	ε33 = 1959	k33 = 55.9
Zgonik et al. 1994[12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] (domain size of 22 ľm)	d33 = 256	ε33 = 2008	k33 = 64.7
Zgonik et al. 1994[12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 15 ľm)	d33 = 274	ε33 = 2853	k33 = 66.1
Zgonik et al. 1994[12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral (domain size of 14 ľm)	d33 = 289	ε33 = 1962	k33 = 66.7
Zgonik et al. 1994[12]	BaTiO3 single crystals	[111] neutral	d33 = 331	ε33 = 2679	k33 = 65.2
Wang et al. 2007[28]	Bi2O3 doped KNN		d33 = 127	ε33 = 1309	kp = 28.3
Zhang et al. 2003[22]	BSPT57		d33 = 1200	ε33 = 3000	k31 = 77
Zhang et al. 2003[22]	BSPT57		d31 = -560
Ye et al. 2008[24]	BSPT57		d33 = 1150d31 = -520	ε33 = 3000	k31 = 0.52k33 = 0.91
Zhang et al. 2003[23]	BSPT58		d33 = 1400	ε33 = 3200	k31 = 80
Zhang et al. 2003[23]	BSPT58		d31 = -670
Zhang et al. 2004[16]	BSPT66		d33 = 440	ε33 = 820	k31 = 52
Zhang et al. 2004[16]	BSPT66		d31 = -162
Ye et al. 2008[24]	BSPT66		d33 = 440	ε33 = 820	k31 = 0.52k33 = 0.88
Ye et al. 2008[24]	BSPT66		d31 = -162
Jiang anf al. 2009[29]	doped KNN-0.005BF		d33 = 257	ε33 = 361	kp= 52	45
Matsubara et al. 2004[25]	KCN-modified KNN		d33 = 100d31 = -180	ε33 = 220-330	kp = 33-39	1200
Matsubara et al. 2005[27]	KCT modified KNN		d33 = 190	ε33 =	kp = 42	1300
Ryu Et. al 2007[26]	KZT modifiedKNN		d33 = 126	ε33 = 590	kp = 42	58
Smith et al. 1971[5]	LiNbO3	<001>	d15 = 69.2	ε11 = 85.2
Smith et al. 1971[5]	LiNbO3	<001>	d22 = 20.8	ε33 = 28.2
Smith et al. 1971[5]	LiNbO3	<001>	d31 = -0.85
Smith et al. 1971[5]	LiNbO3	<001>	d33 = 6
Warner et al. 1967[4]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d15 = 68	ε11 = 84
Warner et al. 1967[4]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d22 = 21	ε33 = 30
Warner et al. 1967[4]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d31 = -1		k31 = 0.02
Warner et al. 1967[4]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d33 = 6		kt = 0.17
Yamada et al. 1967[6]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d15 = 74	ε11 = 84.6
Yamada et al. 1967[6]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d22 = 21	ε33 = 28.6	k22 = 0.32
Yamada et al. 1967[6]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d31 = -0.87		k31 = 0.023
Yamada et al. 1967[6]	LiNbO3 (Au-Au)	<001>	d33 = 16		k33 = 0.47
Yamada et al. 1969[7]	LiTaO3		d15 = 26	ε11 = 53
Yamada et al. 1969[7]	LiTaO3		d22 = 8.5	ε33 = 44
Yamada et al. 1969[7]	LiTaO3		d31 = -3
Yamada et al. 1969[7]	LiTaO3		d33 = 9.2
[13]	LN crystal		d31 = -4.5d33 = -0.27
Hosono et al. 2003[20]	PIMNT		1950	ε33 = 3630	/
Yasuda Et. al 2001[18]	PINT28		700	ε33 = 1500	/
Guo et al. 2003[19]	PINT34		2000	ε33 = 5000	/
Badel et al. 2006[9]	PMN-25PT	<110>	d31 = -643	ε33 = 2560	k31 = -0.73	362
Cao Et. al 2002[8]	PMN-PT (33%)		d15 = 146	ε11 = 1660	k15 = 0.32
Cao Et. al 2002[8]	PMN-PT (33%)		d31 = -1330	ε33 = 8200	k31 = 0.59
Cao Et. al 2002[8]	PMN-PT (33%)		d33 = 2820		k33 = 0.94
Cao Et. al 2002[8]	PMN-PT (33%)				kt = 0.64
Li et al. 2010[14]	PMNT31		d33 = 2000	ε33 = 5100	k31 = 80
Li et al. 2010[14]	PMNT31		d31 = -750
Zhang et al. 2002[15]	PMNT31-A		1400	ε33 = 3600
Zhang et al. 2002[15]	PMNT31-B		1500	ε33 = 4800
Ye et al. 2008[24]	PMNT33		d33 = 2820d31 = -1330	ε33 = 8200	k31 = 0.59k33 = 0.94
Yamashita et al. 1997[17]	PSNT33			ε33 = 960	/
Zhang et al. 2002[15]	PYNT40		d33 = 1200	ε33 = 2700	k31 = 76
Zhang et al. 2002[15]	PYNT40		d31 = -500
Zhang et al. 2012[21]	PYNT45		d33 = 2000	ε33 = 2000	k31 = 78
Zhang et al. 2002[15]	PZNT4.5		d33 = 2100	ε33 = 4400	k31 = 83
Zhang et al. 2002[15]	PZNT4.5		d31 = -900
Ye et al. 2008[24]	PZNT4.5		d33 = 2000d31 = -970	ε33 = 5200	k31 = 0.50k33 = 0.91
Zhang et al. 2004[16]	PZNT8		d33 = 2500	ε33 = 6000	k31 = 89
Zhang et al. 2004[16]	PZNT8		d31 = -1300
Ye et al. 2008[24]	PZNT8		d31 = -1455	ε33 = 7700	k31 = 0.60k33 = 0.94
Zhang et al. 2004[16]	PZNT12		d33 = 576	ε33 = 870	k31 = 52
Zhang et al. 2004[16]	PZNT12		d31 = -217
Ye et al. 2008[24]	PZNT12		d33 = 576d31 = -217	ε33 = 870	k31 = 0.52k33 = 0.86
Kobiakov 1980[10]	ZnO		d15 = -8.3	ε11 = 8.67	k15 = 0.199
Kobiakov 1980[10]	ZnO		d31 = -5.12	ε33 = 11.26	k31 = 0.181
Kobiakov 1980[10]	ZnO		d33 = 12.3		k33 = 0.466
Zgonik et al. 1994[11]	ZnO (pure with lithium dopant)		d15 = -13.3		kr = 8.2
Zgonik et al. 1994[11]	ZnO (pure with lithium dopant)		d31 = -4.67
Zgonik et al. 1994[11]	ZnO (pure with lithium dopant)		d33 = 12.0

Ceramics
Reference	Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate)	Orientation	Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)	Relative permittiviy, εr	Electromechanical coupling factor, k	Quality factor
[35]	PZT-5K		d33 = 870	ε33 = 6200	k33 = 0.75
[34]	PZT-5H		d15 = 741	ε11 = 3130	k15 = 0.68	65
[34]	PZT-5H		d31 = -274	ε33 = 3400	k31 = 0.39
[34]	PZT-5H		d33 = 593		k33 = 0.75
[33]	PZT-5A		d31 = -171	ε33 = 1700	k31 = 0.34
[33]	PZT-5A		d33 = 374		k33 = 0.7
Tanaka et al. 2009[36]	PZN7%PT		d33 = 2400	εr = 6500	k33 = 0.94kt = 0.55
Chan et al. 2008[60]	Pz34 (doped PbTiO3)		d15 = 43.3	ε33 = 237	k31 = 4.6	700
Chan et al. 2008[60]	Pz34 (doped PbTiO3)		d31 = -5.1	ε33 = 208	k33 = 39.6
Chan et al. 2008[60]	Pz34 (doped PbTiO3)		d33 = 46		k15 = 22.8
Chan et al. 2008[60]	Pz34 (doped PbTiO3)				kp = 7.4
Sessler 1981[81]	PVDF		d31 = 17.9		k31 = 10.3
Sessler 1981[81]	PVDF		d32 = 0.9		k33 = 12.6
Sessler 1981[81]	PVDF		d33 = -27.1
Ren et al. 2017[82]	PVDF		d31 = 23	εr = 106
Ren et al. 2017[82]	PVDF		d32 = 2
Ren et al. 2017[82]	PVDF		d33 = -21
Zhang et al. 1999[32]	PMN-PT		d31 = -74	ε33 = 1170	k31 = -0.312	283
Berlincourt et al. 1960[76]	PbTiO3 (52%) PbZrO3 (48%)		d15 = 166		k15 = 0.40	1170
Berlincourt et al. 1960[76]	PbTiO3 (52%) PbZrO3 (48%)		d31 = -43		k31 = 0.17
Berlincourt et al. 1960[76]	PbTiO3 (52%) PbZrO3 (48%)		d33 = 110		k33 = 0.43
Berlincourt et al. 1960[76]	PbTiO3 (52%) PbZrO3 (48%)				kr = 0.28
Berlincourt et al. 1960[77]	PbTiO3 (50%) lead Zirconate (50%)		d15 = 166		k15 = 0.504	950
Berlincourt et al. 1960[77]	PbTiO3 (50%) lead Zirconate (50%)		d31 = -43		k31 = 0.23
Berlincourt et al. 1960[77]	PbTiO3 (50%) lead Zirconate (50%)		d33 = 110		k33 = 0.546
Berlincourt et al. 1960[77]	PbTiO3 (50%) lead Zirconate (50%)				kr = 0.397
Jaffe et al. 1955[74]	PbHfO3 (50%) PbTiO3 (50%)		d31 = -54		kr = 0.38
Tanaka et al. 2009[36]	Oriented LF4		d33 = 416	1.57	61.0
Hao et al. 2012[54]	NKLNT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 310		kp = 43
Zou et al. 2016[47]	NBT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 134		kp= 35
Saito et al. 2004[43]	NBT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 217		kp = 61
Gao et al. 2008[46]	NBT-BT-KBT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 192
Maurya et al. 2013[45]	NBT-BT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 322		…
Kell 1962[75]	Nb2O6Pb (80%) BaNb2O6 (20%)		d31 = 25		kr = 0.20	15
Brown et al. 1962[70]	Nb2O6Pb (70%) BaNb2O6 (30%)		d31 = -40	ε33 = 900	k31 = 0.13	350
Brown et al. 1962[70]	Nb2O6Pb (70%) BaNb2O6 (30%)		d33 = 100		k33 = 0.3
Brown et al. 1962[70]	Nb2O6Pb (70%) BaNb2O6 (30%)				kr = 0.24
Ikeda et al. 1961[68]	Nb2O6Pb		d31 = -11		kr = 0.07	11
Ikeda et al. 1961[68]	Nb2O6Pb		d33 = 80		k31 = 0.045
Ikeda et al. 1961[68]	Nb2O6Pb				k33 = 0.042
Brown et al. 1962[70]	NaNbO3 (80%) Cd2Nb2O7 (20%)		d31 = -80	ε33 = 2000	k31 = 0.17
Brown et al. 1962[70]	NaNbO3 (80%) Cd2Nb2O7 (20%)		d33 = 200		k33 = 0.42
Brown et al. 1962[70]	NaNbO3 (80%) Cd2Nb2O7 (20%)				kr = 0.30
Zhang et al. 2006[42]	LNKN		d33 = 314	~700	41.2
Saito et al. 2004[43]	LF4		d33 = 300	1.57
Takao et al. 2006[51]	KNNT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 390		kp = 54
Chang Et. al 2011[49]	KNNS	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 208		kp = 63
Shibata et al. 2011[80]	KNN(Pt-Pt)	<001>	d31 = -96.3	εr = 1100
Shibata et al. 2011[80]	KNN(Pt-Pt)	<001>	d33 = 138.2
Park et al. 2007[40]	KNN-ST		d33 = 220	1.45	40.0	70
Park et al. 2007[40]	KNN-ST		d33 = 220	1.45	40.0	70
Saito et al. 2004[43]	KNN-LS		d33 = 270	1.38	50.0
Cho et al. 2012[53]	KNN-CuO	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 133		kp = 46
Zhao et al. 2007[41]	KNN-CT		d33 = 241	1.32	41.0
Maurya et al. 2013[45]	KNN-CT		d33 = 241	1.32	41.0
Park et al. 2006[38]	KNN-BZ		d33 = 400	2	57.4	48
Park et al. 2006[38]	KNN-BZ		d33 = 400	2	57.4	48
Cho et al. 2007[39]	KNN-BT		d33 = 225	1.06	36.0
Cho et al. 2007[44]	KNN-BT		d33 = 225	1.06	36.0
Li et al. 2012[52]	KNN 1 CuO	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 123		kp = 54
Hao et al. 2012[54]	KNN	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 180		kp = 44
Chang et al. 2009[48]	KNLNTS	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 416		kp = 64
Sasaki et al. 1999[62]	KNLNTS			εr = 1156	k31 = 0.26	80
Sasaki et al. 1999[62]	KNLNTS			ε33 = 746	kt = 0.32
Sasaki et al. 1999[62]	KNLNTS				kp = 0.43
Hussain et al. 2013[50]	KNLN	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 192		kp = 60
Gupta et al. 2014[55]	KNLN	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 254
Egerton et al. 1959[67]	KNbO3 (50%) NaNbO3 (50%)		d31 = -32			140
Egerton et al. 1959[67]	KNbO3 (50%) NaNbO3 (50%)		d33 = 80		k31 = 0.21
Egerton et al. 1959[67]	KNbO3 (50%) NaNbO3 (50%)				k33 = 0.51
Tsubouchi et al. 1981[83]	Epi AlN/Al2O3	<001>	d33 = 5.53	ε33 = 9.5	kt = 6.5	2490
Hutson 1960[65]	CdS		d15 = -14.35
Hutson 1960[65]	CdS		d31 = -3.67
Hutson 1960[65]	CdS		d33 = 10.65
Schofield et al. 1957[66]	CdS		d31 = -1.53
Schofield et al. 1957[66]	CdS		d33 = 2.56
Ikeda et al. 1962[69]	C6H17N3O10S		d23 = 84		k21 = 0.18
Ikeda et al. 1962[69]	C6H17N3O10S		d21 = 22.7		k22 = 0.18
Ikeda et al. 1962[69]	C6H17N3O10S		d25 = 22		k23 = 0.44
Lee et al. 2009[61]	BNKLBT		d33 = 163	εr = 766	k31 = 0.188	142
Lee et al. 2009[61]	BNKLBT			ε33 = 444.3	kt = 0.524
Lee et al. 2009[61]	BNKLBT				kp = 0.328
Tang et al. 2011[31]	BFO		d33 = 37		kt = 0.6
Schultheiß et al. 2017 [58]	BCZT-T-H	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 580
Bai et al. 2016[56]	BCZT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 470		kp = 47
Ye et al. 2013[57]	BCZT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 462		kp = 49
OMORI et al. 1990[59]	BCT	(001) Textured samples	d33 = 170
Pullin 1962[72]	BaTiO3 (97%) CaTiO3 (3%)		d31 = -53	ε33 = 1390	k15 = 0.39
Pullin 1962[72]	BaTiO3 (97%) CaTiO3 (3%)		d33 = 135		k31 = 0.17
Pullin 1962[72]	BaTiO3 (97%) CaTiO3 (3%)				k33 = 0.43
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73]	BaTiO3 (96%) PbTiO3 (4%)		d31 = -38	ε33 = 990	k15 = 0.34
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73]	BaTiO3 (96%) PbTiO3 (4%)		d33 = 105		k31 = 0.14
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73]	BaTiO3 (96%) PbTiO3 (4%)				k33 = 0.39
Schofield et al. 1957[66]	BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%) CoCO3 (0.25%)		d31 = -60	ε33 = 1605	kr = 0.33
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73]	BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%)		d15 = -257	ε33 = 1355	k15 = 0.495	500
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73]	BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%)		d31 = -58		k31 = 0.19
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73]	BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%)		d33 = 150		k33 = 0.49
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73]	BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%)				kr = 0.3
Pullin 1962[78]	BaTiO3 (80%) PbTiO3 (12%) CaTiO3 (8%)		d31 = -31		k31 = 0.15	1200
Pullin 1962[78]	BaTiO3 (80%) PbTiO3 (12%) CaTiO3 (8%)		d33 = 79		k33 = 0.41
Pullin 1962[78]	BaTiO3 (80%) PbTiO3 (12%) CaTiO3 (8%)				kr = 0.24
Brown et al. 1962[70]	BaTiO3 (95%) BaZrO3 (5%)				k15 = 0.15	200
Brown et al. 1962[70]	BaTiO3 (95%) BaZrO3 (5%)		d31 = -60		k31 = 0.40
Brown et al. 1962[70]	BaTiO3 (95%) BaZrO3 (5%)		d33 = 150		k33 = 0.28
Berlincourt et al. 1958[30]	BaTiO3		d15 = 270	ε11 = 1440	k15 = 0.57
Berlincourt et al. 1958[30]	BaTiO3		d31 = -79	ε33 = 1680	k31 = 0.49
Berlincourt et al. 1958[30]	BaTiO3		d33 = 191		k33 = 0.47
Huston 1960[65]	BaNb2O6 (60%) Nb2O6Pb (40%)		d31 = -25		kr = 0.16
Baxter et al. 1960[71]	BaNb2O6 (50%) Nb2O6Pb (50%)		d31= -36		kr = 0.16
Egerton et al. 1959[67]	BaCaOTi		d31 = -50		k15 = 0.19	400
Egerton et al. 1959[67]	BaCaOTi		d33 = 150		k31 = 0.49
Egerton et al. 1959[67]	BaCaOTi				k33 = 0.325
Pang et al. 2010[37]	ANSZ		d33 = 295	1.61	45.5	84
Pang et al. 2010[37]	ANSZ		d33 = 295	1.61	45.5	84
Defaÿ 2011[79]	AlN (Pt-Mo)		d31 = -2.5
Takenaka et al. 1991[63]	(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNKT		d31 = 46	εr = 650	kp = 0.27
Takenaka et al. 1991[63]	(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNKT		d33 = 150		k31 = 0.165
Tanaka et al. 1960[64]	(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNBT		d31 = 40	εr = 580	k31 = 0.19
Tanaka et al. 1960[64]	(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNBT		d33 = 12.5		k33 = 0.55

What we have for the piezo material?

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